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Rock Hudson (born Roy Harold Scherer, Jr.; November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was an American actor, generally known for his turns as a leading man during the 1950s and 1960s. Viewed as a prominent 'heartthrob' of the Hollywood Golden Age, he achieved stardom with roles in films such as Magnificent Obsession (1954), All That Heaven Allows (1955) and Giant (1956), for which he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and found continued success with a string of romantic comedies co-starring Doris Day in Pillow Talk (1959), Lover Come Back (1961) and Send Me No Flowers (1964). After appearing in films including Seconds (1966), Tobruk (1967) and Ice Station Zebra (1968) during the late 1960s, Hudson began a second career in television through the 1970s and 1980s, starring in the popular mystery series McMillan & Wife and the primetime ABCsoap operaDynasty.^{[citation needed]}

Numerous film magazines declared Hudson Star of the Year, Favorite Leading Man, and similar titles. He appeared in nearly 70 films and starred in several television productions during a career that spanned more than four decades. Although Hudson was discreet regarding his sexual orientation, it was known by many in the film industry during his lifetime. Hudson’s sexual orientation became public knowledge following his death from AIDS-related complications in 1985, making him the first major celebrity to die from an AIDS-related illness.^[1]

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• 2Career
• 7Filmography
• 8Awards

Early life[edit]

Hudson was born Roy Harold Scherer, Jr. on November 17, 1925 in Winnetka, Illinois at Sarah A. Jarman Memorial Hospital, the only child of Katherine (née Wood), a homemaker and later telephone operator, and Roy Harold Scherer Sr., an auto mechanic.^[2] His father was of German and Swiss descent, while his mother had English and Irish ancestry.^{[citation needed]} During the Great Depression, Hudson's father lost his job and abandoned the family.^[3] Hudson's parents divorced when he was four years old; several years later, in 1932, his mother married Wallace Fitzgerald, a former Marine Corps officer whom he despised.^[2] Fitzgerald adopted his stepson without his consent, whose legal name then became Roy Fitzgerald.^[2] That marriage eventually ended in a bitter divorce and produced no children.^[2]

Hudson attended New Trier High School in Winnetka.^[2] He sang in the school glee club, and later was remembered as a shy boy who delivered newspapers, ran errands, and worked as a golf caddy.^{[citation needed]} At some point during his teenage years, he worked as an usher in a movie theater and developed an interest in acting.^[1] He tried out for a number of school plays, but failed to win any roles because he could not remember his lines, a problem that continued to occur through his early acting career.^[3]

He graduated from high school in 1943, and the following year enlisted in the United States Navy, during World War II.^[2] After training at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, he departed San Francisco aboard the troop transport SS Lew Wallace, with orders to report to Aviation Repair and Overhaul Unit 2, then located on Samar, Philippines, as an aircraft mechanic.^[4][3] In 1946, he returned to San Francisco aboard an aircraft carrier,^[5] and was discharged the same year.^[2]

Hudson then moved to Los Angeles to live with his biological father, who had remarried,^[3] and to pursue an acting career. Initially he worked at odd jobs,^[2] including as a truck driver.^[3] He applied to the University of Southern California's dramatics program, but was rejected due to poor grades.^[1] After he sent talent scout Henry Willson a picture of himself in 1947, Willson took him on as a client, and changed the young actor's name to Rock Hudson; later in his life Hudson admitted that he hated the name.^[3] The name was coined by combining the Rock of Gibraltar and the Hudson River.^[6]

Career[edit]

Hudson made his acting debut with a small part in the 1948 Warner Bros. film Fighter Squadron, and took 38 takes to successfully deliver his only line in the film.^[7]

Universal Studios[edit]

Hudson was signed to a long-term contract by Universal Studios. There he was further coached in acting, singing, dancing, fencing, and horseback riding, and he began to be featured in film magazines where, being photogenic, he was promoted.^[3]

His first film at Universal was Undertow (1949), which gave him his first screen credit. He had small parts in Peggy (1950), Winchester '73 (1950) (playing an American Indian), The Desert Hawk (1950) (as an Arab), Tomahawk (1951), and Air Cadet (1951).

Hudson was billed third in The Fat Man (1951), but back down the cast list for Bright Victory (1951). He had a good part as a boxer in Iron Man (1951), starring Jeff Chandler, and as a gambler in Bend of the River (1952). He supported the Nelson family in Here Come the Nelsons (1951).

Leading man[edit]

Hudson was promoted to leading man for Scarlet Angel (1952), opposite Yvonne de Carlo, who had been in Desert Hawk and Tomahawk. He co-starred with Piper Laurie in a comedy, Has Anybody Seen My Gal? (1952), directed by Douglas Sirk.

In Horizons West (1952) Hudson supported Robert Ryan, but he was star again for a pair of Westerns, The Lawless Breed (1953) and Seminole (1953). In 1953 he appeared in a Camel commercial which showed him on the set of Seminole.^[8]

He and de Carlo were borrowed by RKO for Sea Devils (1953), an adventure set during the Napoleonic Wars. Back at Universal he played in Harun al-Rashid in an 'Eastern', The Golden Blade (1953). There was Gun Fury (1953), a Western, and Back to God's Country (1953). Hudson had the title role in Taza, Son of Cochise (1954), directed by Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter.

Magnificent Obsession and stardom[edit]

Hudson was by now firmly established as a leading man in B adventure films. What turned him into a star was the 1954 film Magnificent Obsession, co-starring Jane Wyman, produced by Hunter and directed by Sirk.^[3][9] The film received positive reviews, with Modern Screen Magazine citing Hudson as the most popular actor of the year. It made over $5 million at the box office.

Hudson went back to adventure films with Bengal Brigade (1954), set during the Indian Mutiny, and Captain Lightfoot (1955), produced by Hunter and directed by Sirk. In 1954, exhibitors voted Hudson the 17th most popular star in the country.

Hunter used him in two melodramas, One Desire (1955) with Anne Baxter, and All That Heaven Allows (1955), which reunited him with Sirk and Wyman. Never Say Goodbye (1956) was more drama.

Giant (1956)[edit]

Hudson's popularity soared with George Stevens' film Giant (1956). Hudson and his co-star James Dean were both nominated for Oscars in the Best Actor category. Another hit was Written on the Wind (1957), directed by Sirk and produced by Albert Zugsmith. Sirk also directed Hudson in Battle Hymn (1957), produced by Hudson, playing Dean Hess. These films propelled Hudson to be voted the most popular actor in American cinemas in 1957. He stayed in the 'top ten' until 1964.^{[citation needed]}

Hudson was borrowed by MGM to appear in Richard Brooks' Something of Value (1957), a box office disappointment. So too was his next film, a remake of A Farewell to Arms (1957). To make A Farewell to Arms, he reportedly turned down Marlon Brando's role in Sayonara, William Holden's role in The Bridge on the River Kwai, and Charlton Heston's role in Ben-Hur.^[10]A Farewell to Arms received negative reviews, failed at the box office and became the last production by David O. Selznick.^[11] Hudson was reunited with the producer, director and two stars of Written on the Wind in The Tarnished Angels (1958), at Universal. He then made an adventure story, Twilight for the Gods (1958). This Earth Is Mine (1959) was a melodrama.

Romantic comedy star[edit]

Ross Hunter teamed Hudson with Doris Day in a romantic comedy, Pillow Talk (1959), which was a massive hit. Hudson was voted the most popular star in the country for 1959, and would be the second most popular for the next three years.

Less popular was a Western, The Last Sunset (1961), co-starring Kirk Douglas. Hudson then made two hugely popular comedies: Come September (1961) with Gina Lollobrigida, Sandra Dee and Bobby Darin, directed by Robert Mulligan; and Lover Come Back (1961) with Day.

He made two dramas: The Spiral Road (1962) was a medical adventure story, directed by Mulligan, and A Gathering of Eagles (1963), a military story, directed by Delbert Mann. Nonetheless, Hudson was still voted the third most popular star in 1963. Hudson went back to comedy for Man's Favorite Sport? (1964), directed by Howard Hawks and, more popularly, Send Me No Flowers (1964), this third and final film with Day. Along with Cary Grant, Hudson was regarded as one of the best-dressed male stars in Hollywood, and received Top 10 Stars of the Year a record-setting eight times from 1957–64.

Decline as a star[edit]

Strange Bedfellows (1965), with Lollobrigida, was a box office disappointment. So too was A Very Special Favor (1965), despite having the same writer and director as Pillow Talk. That year he was voted the 11th most popular star in the country, and he would never beat that rank again.

Hudson tried a thriller, Blindfold (1966). He worked outside his usual range on the science-fiction thriller Seconds (1966), directed by John Frankenheimer. The film flopped but it later gained cult status, and Hudson's performance is often regarded as one of his best.^[12]

He also tried his hand in the action genre with Tobruk (1967), a World War Two film directed by Arthur Hiller. After the comedy A Fine Pair (1968) with Claudia Cardinale he starred in the action thriller Ice Station Zebra (1968) at MGM, a role which he had actively sought and remained his personal favorite. The film was a hit but struggled to recoup its large cost.^{[citation needed]}

Hudson dabbled in westerns, appearing opposite John Wayne in The Undefeated (1969). He co-starred opposite Julie Andrews in the Blake Edwards musical, Darling Lili (1970), which was reasonably popular but it became notorious for its huge cost.^{[citation needed]}

Television[edit]

During the 1970s and 1980s, he starred in a number of TV movies and series. His most successful television series was McMillan & Wife opposite Susan Saint James, which ran from 1971 to 1977. Hudson played police commissioner Stewart 'Mac' McMillan, with Saint James as his wife Sally, and their on-screen chemistry helped make the show a hit.

During the series' run Hudson appeared in Showdown (1973), a western with Dean Martin, and Embryo (1976), a science fiction film. Hudson took a risk and surprised many by making a successful foray into live theater late in his career, the most acclaimed of his efforts being I Do! I Do! in 1974.

After McMillan ended, Hudson made a disaster movie for New World Pictures, Avalanche (1978), and two miniseries, Wheels (1978) and The Martian Chronicles (1980). He was one of several faded stars in The Mirror Crack'd (1980).

Later years[edit]

In the early 1980s, following years of heavy drinking and smoking, Hudson began having health problems which resulted in a heart attack in November 1981. Emergency quintuple heart bypass surgery sidelined Hudson and his new TV show The Devlin Connection for a year, and the show was canceled in December 1982 soon after it had first aired.

Hudson recovered from the heart surgery but continued to smoke. He nevertheless continued to work with appearances in several TV movies such as World War III (1982). He was in ill health while filming the action-drama film The Ambassador in Israel during the winter months from late 1983 to early 1984. He reportedly did not get along with his co-star Robert Mitchum, who had a serious drinking problem and often clashed off camera with Hudson and other cast and crew members.^[13]

From December 1984 to April 1985, Hudson appeared in a recurring role on the ABC prime time soap operaDynasty as Daniel Reece, a wealthy horse breeder and a potential love interest for Krystle Carrington (played by Linda Evans), as well as the biological father of the character Sammy Jo Carrington (Heather Locklear). While Hudson had long been known to have difficulty memorizing lines, which resulted in his use of cue cards, it was his speech itself that began to visibly deteriorate on Dynasty. He was originally slated to appear for the duration of the show's second half of its fifth season; however, because of his progressing ill health, his character was abruptly written out of the show and died off screen.

Personal life[edit]

While his career developed, Hudson and his agent Henry Willson kept the actor's personal life out of the headlines. In 1955, Confidential magazine threatened to publish an exposé about Hudson's secret homosexuality. Willson stalled this by disclosing information about two of his other clients. Willson provided information about Rory Calhoun's years in prison and the arrest of Tab Hunter at a party in 1950.^[14] According to some colleagues, Hudson's homosexual activity was well known in Hollywood throughout his career,^[15] and former co-stars Julie Andrews, Mia Farrow, Elizabeth Taylor, and Susan Saint James claimed that they knew of his homosexuality, as did Carol Burnett.

Soon after the Confidential incident, Hudson married Willson's secretary Phyllis Gates. Gates later wrote that she dated Hudson for several months, lived with him for two months before his surprise marriage proposal, and married Hudson out of love and not (as it was later reported) to prevent an exposé of Hudson's sexual past.^[16] Press coverage of the wedding quoted Hudson as saying: 'When I count my blessings, my marriage tops the list.' Gates filed for divorce after three years in April 1958, citing mental cruelty. Hudson did not contest the divorce and Gates received alimony of $250 a week for 10 years.^[17] Gates never remarried.^[18]

After Gates's death, Bob Hofler wrote a biography of Hudson's agent, Henry Willson, titled The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson. He told the Village Voice that Gates attempted to blackmail Hudson about his homosexual activities.^[19] The LGBT news magazine The Advocate published an article by Hofler, who claimed that Gates was actually a lesbian who believed from the beginning of their relationship that Hudson was gay.^[20]

According to the 1986 biography Rock Hudson: His Story by Hudson and Sara Davidson, Hudson was good friends with American gay novelist Armistead Maupin. The book also names certain of Hudson's lovers, including Jack Coates; Tom Clark (who published a memoir about Hudson, Rock Hudson: Friend of Mine); actor and stockbroker Lee Garlington;^[21][22] and Marc Christian (born Marc Christian MacGinnis), who later won a suit against the Hudson estate.

An urban legend states that Hudson married Jim Nabors in the early 1970s. Not only was same-sex marriage not recognized under the laws of any American state at the time, but, at least publicly, Hudson and Nabors were nothing more than friends. According to Hudson, the legend originated with a group of 'middle-aged homosexuals who live in Huntington Beach' who sent out joke invitations for their annual get-together. One year, the group invited its members to witness 'the marriage of Rock Hudson and Jim Nabors', at which Hudson would take the surname of Nabors's most famous character, Gomer Pyle, becoming Rock Pyle.

The joke was evidently already in the mainstream by the very early 1970s; in the October 1972 edition of MAD magazine (issue no. 154), an article entitled 'When Watching Television, You Can be Sure of Seeing...', gossip columnist 'Rona Boring' states: 'And there isn't a grain of truth to the vicious rumor that movie and TV star Rock Heman and singer Jim Nelly were secretly married! Rock and Jim are just good buddies! I repeat, they are not married! They are not even going steady!' Those who failed to get the joke spread the rumor and as a result, Hudson and Nabors never spoke to each other again. Three years later, Nabors would begin a long-term (and, until 2013, secret) relationship with Stan Cadwallader, a retired firefighter from Honolulu he would eventually marry once same-sex marriage was legalized.^[23]

Although he was raised Roman Catholic, Hudson later identified as an atheist. A week before Hudson died, his publicist Tom Clark asked a priest to visit. Hudson made a confession, received communion, and was administered last rites. Hudson was also visited by a Pentecostal prayer group.^[24]

Illness and death[edit]

Unknown to the public, Hudson was diagnosed with HIV on June 5, 1984, just three years after the emergence of the first cluster of symptomatic patients in the U.S., and only one year after the initial identification by scientists of the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Over the next several months, Hudson kept his illness a secret and continued to work while, at the same time, traveling to France and other countries seeking a cure – or at least treatment to slow the progress of the disease.

On July 16, 1985, Hudson joined his old friend Doris Day for a Hollywood press conference announcing the launch of her new TV cable show Doris Day's Best Friends in which Hudson was videotaped visiting Day's ranch in Carmel, California, a few days earlier. He appeared gaunt and his speech was nearly incoherent; during the segment, Hudson did very little speaking, with most of it consisting of Day and Hudson walking around as Day's recording of 'My Buddy' played in the background, with Hudson noting he had quickly tired out. His appearance was enough of a shock that the reunion was broadcast repeatedly over national news shows that night and for days to come. Media outlets speculated on Hudson's health.^[25]

Two days later, Hudson traveled to Paris, France, for another round of treatment. After Hudson collapsed in his room at the Ritz Hotel in Paris on July 21, his publicist, Dale Olson, released a statement claiming that Hudson had inoperable liver cancer. Olson denied reports that Hudson had AIDS and would say only that he was undergoing tests for 'everything' at the American Hospital of Paris.^[26] But, four days later, July 25, 1985, Hudson's French publicist Yanou Collart confirmed that Hudson did in fact have AIDS.^[27][28] He was among the first mainstream celebrities to have been diagnosed with the disease.^[29]

Hudson flew back to Los Angeles on July 30. He was so weak that he was removed by stretcher from the Air France Boeing 747 he had chartered, and on which he and his medical attendants were the only passengers.^[30] He was flown by helicopter to UCLA Medical Center,^[31] where he spent nearly a month undergoing further treatment.^[32] He was released from the hospital in late August 1985 and returned to his home, 'The Castle', in Beverly Hills, California, for private hospice care.

At around 9:00 a.m. on the morning of October 2, 1985, Hudson died in his sleep^[3][33] from AIDS-related complications at his home in Beverly Hills at age 59, less than seven weeks before what would have been his 60th birthday.^[34] Hudson requested that no funeral be held. His body was cremated hours after his death^[35] and a cenotaph was later established at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Cathedral City, California.^[36][37] His ashes were scattered in the channel between Wilmington and Santa Catalina Island.

The disclosure of Hudson's AIDS diagnosis provoked widespread public discussion of his homosexual identity. In Logical Family: A Memoir, gay author Armistead Maupin, who was a friend of Hudson's, writes he was the first person to confirm to the press that Hudson was gay in 1985, effectively outing him. Maupin explains that he said it to Randy Shilts of the San Francisco Chronicle, and that he was annoyed that producer Ross Hunter, who was gay himself, denied it.^[38] In its August 15, 1985, issue, People published a story that discussed his disease in the context of his sexuality. The largely sympathetic article featured comments from famous show business colleagues such as Angie Dickinson, Robert Stack, and Mamie Van Doren, who claimed they knew about Hudson's homosexuality and expressed their support for him.^[15] At that time, People had a circulation of more than 2.8 million,^[39] and, as a result of this and other stories, Hudson's homosexuality became fully public. Hudson's revelation had an immediate impact on the visibility of AIDS, and on the funding of medical research related to the disease.^[40]

Shortly after Hudson's press release disclosing his infection, William M. Hoffman, the author of As Is, a play about AIDS that appeared on Broadway in 1985, stated: 'If Rock Hudson can have it, nice people can have it. It's just a disease, not a moral affliction.'^[15] At the same time, Joan Rivers was quoted as saying: 'Two years ago, when I hosted a benefit for AIDS, I couldn't get one major star to turn out. ... Rock's admission is a horrendous way to bring AIDS to the attention of the American public, but by doing so, Rock, in his life, has helped millions in the process. What Rock has done takes true courage.'^[15]Morgan Fairchild said that 'Rock Hudson's death gave AIDS a face.'^[41] In a telegram Hudson sent to a September 1985 Hollywood AIDS benefit, Commitment to Life, which he was too ill to attend in person, Hudson said: 'I am not happy that I am sick. I am not happy that I have AIDS. But if that is helping others, I can at least know that my own misfortune has had some positive worth.'^[3]

Shortly after his death, People reported: 'Since Hudson made his announcement, more than $1.8 million in private contributions (more than double the amount collected in 1984) has been raised to support AIDS research and to care for AIDS victims (5,523 reported in 1985 alone). A few days after Hudson died, Congress set aside $221 million to develop a cure for AIDS.'^[42] Organizers of the Hollywood AIDS benefit, Commitment to Life, reported after Hudson's announcement that he was suffering from the disease, it was necessary to move the event to a larger venue to accommodate the increased attendance.^[43] Shortly before his death Hudson made the first direct contribution, $250,000, to amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, helping launch the non-profit organization dedicated to AIDS/HIV research and prevention; it was formed by a merger of a Los Angeles organization founded by Dr. Michael S. Gottlieb, Hudson's physician, and Elizabeth Taylor, his friend and onetime co-star, and a New York-based group.^[44][45]

However, Hudson's revelation did not immediately dispel the stigma of AIDS. Although then-president Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy were friends of Hudson, Reagan made no public statement concerning Hudson's condition.^[46] However, Reagan did in fact phone Hudson privately in his Paris hospital room where he was being treated in July 1985 and released a condolence statement after his death.^[15][47]

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After Hudson revealed his diagnosis, a controversy arose concerning his participation in a scene in the television drama Dynasty in which he shared a long and repeated kiss with actress Linda Evans in one episode (first aired in February 1985). When filming the scene, Hudson was aware that he had AIDS, but did not inform Evans. Some felt that he should have disclosed his condition to her beforehand.^[48] At the time, it was thought that the virus was present in low quantities in saliva and tears, but there had been no reported cases of transmission by kissing.^[49] Nevertheless, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had warned against exchanging saliva with members of groups perceived to be at high risk for AIDS.^[42]

According to comments given in August 1985 by Ed Asner, then president of the Screen Actors Guild, Hudson's revelation caused incipient 'panic' within the film and television industry. Asner said that he was aware of scripts being rewritten to eliminate kissing scenes.^[50] Later in the same year, the Guild issued rules requiring that actors be notified in advance of any 'open-mouth' kissing scenes, and providing that they could refuse to participate in such scenes without penalty.^[51] Linda Evans herself appears not to have been angry at Hudson, and asked to introduce the segment of the 1985 Commitment to Life benefit that was dedicated to Hudson.^[43]

Legacy[edit]

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Hudson was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (located at 6116 Hollywood Blvd).^[52] Following his death, Elizabeth Taylor, his co-star in the film Giant, purchased a bronze plaque for Hudson on the West Hollywood Memorial Walk.^[53] In 2002, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm SpringsWalk of Stars was dedicated to him.^[54]

Lawsuits[edit]

Following Hudson's death, Marc Christian, Hudson's former lover, sued his estate on grounds of 'intentional infliction of emotional distress'.^[55]

Christian claimed Hudson continued having sex with him until February 1985, more than eight months after Hudson knew that he had HIV. Although he repeatedly tested negative for HIV, Christian claimed that he suffered from 'severe emotional distress' after learning from a July 25, 1985 newscast that Hudson had been diagnosed with AIDS. Christian also sued Hudson's personal secretary, Mark Miller, for $10 million because Miller allegedly lied to him about Hudson's illness. In 1989, a jury awarded Christian $21.75 million in damages, later reduced to $5.5 million. Christian later defended Hudson's reputation in not telling him he was infected: 'You can't dismiss a man's whole life with a single act. This thing about AIDS was totally out of character for him', he stated in an interview.^[56]

In 1990, Hudson's live-in publicist, Tom Clark, and publicist Dick Kleiner published Rock Hudson, Friend of Mine. In the book Clark said he believed Hudson acquired HIV from blood transfusions during quintuple bypass open-heart surgery in 1981; never acknowledged that their relationship went beyond being roommates;^[57] and characterized Christian as disreputable. Christian filed a $22 million libel suit against the authors and publisher, charging that he had been labelled 'a criminal, a thief, an unclean person, a blackmailer, a psychotic, an extortionist, a forger, a perjurer, a liar, a whore, an arsonist and a squatter'.^[58]

Christian's death in June 2009 was attributed to 'pulmonary problems' caused by years of heavy smoking.^[59]

Christian's partner of nine years, Brent Beckwith, took legal action against Christian's sister after not securing an expected share of his estate. The case resulted in the creation of a new tort: Interfering with an Expected Inheritance.^[60][61]

In 2010, Robert Park Mills, the attorney who represented the Hudson estate against Christian in court, released a book entitled Between Rock and a Hard Place: In Defense of Rock Hudson. In the book, Mills discusses details of the trial and also questions Christian's allegations against Hudson.^[62]

Filmography[edit]

Film[edit]

Television[edit]

Awards[edit]

Box office rankings[edit]

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For a number of years exhibitors voted Hudson as among the most popular stars in the country:

• 1954 – 17th (US)
• 1955 – 24th (US), 9th (UK)
• 1956 – 11th (US)
• 1957 – 1st (US), 4th (UK)
• 1958 – 5th (US)
• 1959 – 1st (US)
• 1960 – 2nd (US)
• 1961 – 2nd (US)
• 1962 – 2nd (US)
• 1963 – 3rd (US)
• 1964 – 3rd (US)
• 1965 – 11th (US)
• 1966 – 18th (US)

In popular culture[edit]

Hudson was parodied as actor Rock Quarry in The Flintstones episode 'The Rock Quarry Story' (1961).

Hudson has been the subject of three plays: Rock (2008), starring Michael Xavier as Hudson, For Roy (2010), starring Richard Henzel as Hudson, and Hollywood Valhalla (2011), starring Patrick Byrnes as Hudson.

The story of Hudson's marriage was depicted in the 1990 TV filmRock Hudson, starring Daphne Ashbrook (as Gates) and Thomas Ian Griffith (as Hudson).^[63]

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

1. ^ ^abc'Biography for Rock Hudson'. Turner Classic Movies Database. tcmdb.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
2. ^ ^abcdefghRoyce, Brenda Scott (2003). 'Rock Hudson', in William L. O'Neill and Kenneth T. Jackson (eds.), The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives: The 1960s. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, November 18, 2017.
3. ^ ^abcdefghijBerger, Joseph, 'Rock Hudson, Screen Idol, Dies at 59', The New York Times, October 3, 1985; retrieved February 12, 2011.
4. ^Wise 1997, p. 178.
5. ^Wise 1997, p. 180.
6. ^'Rock Hudson'. IMDb. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
7. ^The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson: The Pretty Boys and Dirty Deals of Henry Willson by Robert Hofler, Carroll & Graf, 2005, pp. 163–64; ISBN0-7867-1607-X
8. ^Rock Hudson (Actor) (1953). Camel Cigarette Commercials, 16mm Transfers Reel # 8. [Part 1](MPEG1 and MPEG4) (commercial). U.S.: Camel. Event occurs at 19:18. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
9. ^Kashner, Sam; MacNair, Jennifer (2003). The bad & the beautiful : Hollywood in the fifties. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 144–54. ISBN0-393-32436-2.
10. ^'Rock Hudson Biography'. imdb.com. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
11. ^David Thomson (1993). Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick, London: Abacus, p. 656. ISBN978-0349105239, OCLC1000546022
12. ^Apollo Movie Guide's Review of SecondsArchived September 15, 2004, at the Wayback Machine, apolloguide.com; accessed August 6, 2017
13. ^Server, Lee Baby, I Don't Care (2001)
14. ^See: Hofler, Robert. The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson: The Pretty Boys and Dirty Deals of Henry Willson. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005, pp. 248–50; Oppenheimer, Jerry and Vitek, Jack. Idol Rock Hudson: The True Story of an American Film Hero. New York: Villard Books, 1986, p. 55.
15. ^ ^abcdeYarbrough, Jeff. 'Rock Hudson: On Camera and Off, The Tragic News That He Is the Most Famous Victim of An Infamous Disease, AIDS, Unveils the Hidden Life of a Longtime Hollywood Hero', People Magazine, Vol. 24, No. 7, August 12, 1985. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
16. ^Phyllis Gates, My Husband, Rock Hudson (1987), written with Bob Thomas
17. ^Dennis Mclellan (January 16, 2006). 'Phyllis Gates: Her marriage to Hudson had fan magazines raving'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
18. ^McLellan, Dennis (January 12, 2006). 'Phyllis Gates, 80; Former Talent Agency Secretary Was Briefly Married to Rock Hudson in '50s'. latimes.com. p. 2. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
19. ^'NY Mirror'. Village Voice. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
20. ^Robert Hofler (February 28, 2006). 'Outing Mrs. Rock Hudson: the obits after Phyllis Gates died in January omitted some important facts: Those who knew her say she was a lesbian who tried to blackmail her movie star husband'. The Advocate. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
21. ^Hudson, Rock; Davidson, Sarah Rock Hudson: History, Carroll & Graf Publishers 1986, pp. 92–95
22. ^McNeil, Eizabeth. 'Rock Hudson's 'True Love' Speaks: How We Kept Our Gay Life Secret'. People. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
23. ^Barbara Mikkelson (August 10, 2007). 'Good Nabors Policy'. Snopes. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
24. ^'The Long Goodbye: Rock Hudson, 1925–85'. people.com. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
25. ^Martin, James A. (July 11, 1997). 'Hudson's Day of Revelation'. ew.com. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
26. ^Dunphy, Harry (July 24, 1985). 'Hospital: Hudson liver cancer report is false'. The Evening Independent. p. 3-A. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
27. ^'Hudson Has AIDS, Spokesman Says'. The New York Times. July 26, 1985. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
28. ^Services, From Times Wire (July 25, 1985). 'Rock Hudson Has Had AIDS for Year – Friend'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
29. ^'AIDS diagnosis is confirmed'. The Modesto Bee. July 26, 1985. p. A-3. Retrieved December 25, 2012.^{[dead link]}
30. ^Shilts, Randy. And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1987. p. 580. ISBN0-312-00994-1
31. ^'Hudson flown to California for treatment at UCLA'. The Milwaukee Journal. July 30, 1985. p. 1. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
32. ^'Rock Hudson Continues Rest At Calif. Home'. The News and Courier. September 9, 1985. p. 11-A. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
33. ^Michael Binyon (October 3, 1985). 'Aids victim Rock Hudson dies in his sleep aged 59'. The Times. p. 1.
34. ^'Rock Hudson's death mourned'. Eugene Register-Guard. October 3, 1985. p. 1. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
35. ^'Final bravery of Rock Hudson moves actors'. The Sydney Morning Herald. October 4, 1985. p. 10. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
36. ^Benoit, Tod (2014). Where Are They Buried?: How Did They Die?, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Kindle edition, loc 2917, ISBN1579129846
37. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 22495). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
38. ^Maupin, Armistead (2017). Logical Family: A Memoir. London: Penguin. pp. 211–12. ISBN978-0857523518. When the Chronicle reporter called, I kept it simple: I said yes of course, Rock was widely known in the industry to be gay, so there was no scandal at all here beyond the fact that it had taken this horrendous disease to demolish the charade that had made Rock's life miserable for so long.
39. ^Diamond, Edwin. 'Celebrating Celebrity: The New Gossips'. New York Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 19. May 13, 1985.
40. ^Norman, Colin (December 20, 1985). 'AIDS therapy: new push for clinical trials'. Science. Vol. 230, pp. 1355–58. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, November 19, 2017. 'At least part of the credit for this new push should go to actor Rock Hudson, whose much publicized trip to Paris for experimental therapy focused public and political attention on the desperate plight of those diagnosed with AIDS.' See also abstract, via POPLINE.
41. ^'BBC News – Entertainment – The show goes on in Aids battle'. news.bbc.co.uk. November 24, 2003. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
42. ^ ^ab'Rock Hudson: His Name Stood for Hollywood's Golden Age of Wholesome Heroics and Lighthearted Romance – Until He Became the Most Famous Person to Die of Aids', People Magazine, Vol. 24 No. 26, December 23, 1985. Retrieved February 11, 2011
43. ^ ^abHarmetz, Aljean. 'Hollywood Turns Out for AIDS Benefit', The New York Times, September 20, 1985. Retrieved February 11, 2011
44. ^'Wallace Sheft, C.P.A. [About amfAR]'. amfar.org. amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
45. ^Geidner, Chris (February 2, 2015). 'Nancy Reagan Turned Down Rock Hudson's Plea For Help Nine Weeks Before He Died'. BuzzFeed News. BuzzFeed. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
46. ^Boffey, Philip M. 'Reagan Defends Financing for AIDS', The New York Times, September 17, 1985. Retrieved February 11, 2001.
47. ^'Ronald Reagan: Statement on the Death of Actor Rock Hudson'. ucsb.edu. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
48. ^Haller, Scot. “Rock Hudson's Startling Admission That He Has AIDS Prompts An Urgent Call for Action – And Some Extreme Reactions”, People Magazine, Vol. 23, No. 13, September 23, 1985. Retrieved February 11, 2011.; Should Actors Take AIDS Test Before Filming a Kiss?Jet magazine, Vol. 68, No. 26, Sep 9, 1985.
49. ^'Should Actors Take AIDS Test Before Filming a Kiss?' Jet Magazine, Vol. 68, No. 26, September 9, 1985.
50. ^Harmetz, Aljean. 'Old and New Hollywood Seen in Attitude to AIDS', The New York Times, August 8, 1985. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
51. ^Harmetz, Aljean. 'A Rule on Kissing Scenes and AIDS', The New York Times, October 31, 1985. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
52. ^'Hollywood Star Walk: Rock Hudson'. latimes.com. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
53. ^Burks, Lisa (June 26, 2009). 'Rock Walk'. Adventures in grave hunting. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
54. ^'Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on October 13, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
55. ^Willard Manus (December 18, 2000). 'The Cleaning Man Airs Rock Hudson's Dirty Laundry in L.A.'Playbill. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
56. ^'Obituary: Marc Christian MacGinnis dies at 56; Rock Hudson's ex-lover', Los Angeles Times, 5 December 2009 http://articles.latimes.com/2009/dec/05/local/la-me-marc-christian5-2009dec05
57. ^Colker, David. 'Rock Hudson: Friend Of Mine', Los Angeles Times, April 29, 1990
58. ^McGraw, Carol 'Rock Hudson Ex-Lover Files Libel Suit', Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1990.
59. ^Woo, Elaine (December 5, 2009). 'Marc Christian MacGinnis dies at 56; Rock Hudson's ex-lover'. latimes.com. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
60. ^Beckwith v. Dahl, 205 Cal.App.4th 1039 (May 3, 2012)
61. ^'C.A. Recognizes Interference-With-Expected-Inheritance Tort'. metnews.com. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
62. ^Parker Mills, Robert (2010). Between Rock and a Hard Place: In Defense of Rock Hudson: From the Ashes of Trial to the Light of Truth. AuthorHouse. pp. x–xi. ISBN1-456-70039-1.
63. ^Rock Hudson on IMDb

Bibliography[edit]

• Clark, Tom; Kleiner, Richard (1990). Rock Hudson, Friend of Mine. New York: Pharos Books. ISBN0-88687-562-5.
• Gates, Phyllis; Thomas, Bob (1987). My Husband, Rock Hudson. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday. ISBN0-385-24071-6.
• Griffin, Mark (2018). All That Heaven Allows: A Biography of Rock Hudson. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0062408853.
  • 'Reviewed by Steve Nathans-Kelly in New York Journal of Books'. December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
• Hudson, Rock; Davidson, Sara (1986). Rock Hudson: His Story. New York: Morrow. ISBN0-688-06472-8.
• Ragland, Shannon P. (2007). The Thin Thirty. Louisville, KY: Set Shot Press. ISBN0-9791222-1-X.
• Wise, James (1997). Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1591149446. LCCN2007015851. OCLC36824724. Retrieved March 27, 2015.

External links[edit]

Immediate Disaster 1954 Movie Download Torrent 2017

• Rock Hudson on IMDb
• Rock Hudson at the TCM Movie Database
• FBI Records: The Vault – Rock Hudson at vault.fbi.gov

Movie Download Torrent Sites